In South Africa, the largest and most influential traditional monarchy is undergoing epic challenges over the problem of succession
The death of South Africa’s Zulu king, Goodwill Zwelithini, three years ago triggered a bitter family feud over succession – one that has found its way to the country’s courts and remains unresolved.
The Zulu nation is the largest ethnic group in the country with an estimated 15 million Zulu-speaking people, predominantly in the KwaZulu-Natal region, whose monarchy stretches back to the 16th century. They are synonymous with resisting British colonialism and oppression in the early 1800s, and the Zulu king is arguably the most influential traditional leader in South Africa.
King Zwelithini’s son, Misuzulu KwaZwelithini, was recognized as his successor and assumed a powerful position that controls vast resources and political power. However, his seat on the throne is being challenged by his uncle, Prince Mbonisi Ka Bhekuzulu, and his half-brother, Prince Simakade Zulu, who is the eldest son of the late king, but was born out of wedlock, and a list of aunts and uncles who have contested the legitimacy of his rule through the country’s courts. At the same time, other family members are firmly behind Misuzulu’s right to the throne.
The lasting conflict between relatives ensures the African ‘Game of Thrones’-like drama has played out in public view, embarrassingly exposing the bitter divisions in the royal family and putting on display the fractious relationships that now exist between those who support the king and those who are firmly against him.
Where do kings sit in the constitution?
The country’s constitution recognizes traditional rulers and chiefs. They wield significant moral authority, with the most powerful of these being the Zulu royal family.
South Africa’s seventh democratic elections were held in May, and the significant role of the Zulu king could be seen in the campaigns that preceded the ballot, with major and small political parties visiting the royal palace in KwaZulu-Natal to get the king’s blessing ahead of what was a highly competitive poll.The king remains publicly an apolitical figure, but political parties understand that he holds significant influence over a quarter of the country’s 61 million people.
The Apartheid regime that ruled from 1948 to 1994 incorporated many African traditional leaders into governance structures, giving them mostly unaccountable powers. The African National Congress (ANC), the country’s governing party, has always had a tentative relationship with these monarchies, but made several deals with traditional authorities to ensure a peaceful path to democracy in 1994.
More deals were done in the province of KwaZulu-Natal than any other, with political violence occurring in 1989-1993 between the ANC and the right-wing Zulu-based Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), which led to deadly clashes with hundreds of victims before the first free elections in 1994. Inkatha rejected the socialist ideas of the ANC, while the ANC condemned the close ties between Inkatha and Apartheid government. Both parties tried to campaign in each other’s KwaZulu-Natal strongholds, and were met with violent resistance by members of their opponents.
Under South African law, the president gives official recognition to the new king, paving the way for him to be treated like a constitutional monarch and to be funded by the government.
This legislation is defined by the Traditional Leadership and Governance Framework Act, which defines a royal family as “the core customary institution or structure consisting of immediate relatives of the ruling family within a traditional community, who have been identified in terms of custom, and includes, where applicable, other family members who are close relatives of the ruling family.”
It is also captured by the Traditional Khoi-San Leadership Act, with specific reference to the Khoi-San communities and the KwaZulu-Natal Traditional Leadership and Governance Act.
The Zulu monarch does not have formal political power but is hugely influential as a custodian of the ethnic group’s traditional customs and land. The king also controls vast swaths of land, estimated at about 3 million hectares, in KwaZulu-Natal under an entity called the Ingonyama Trust.
Speaking to RT, political analyst Professor Ntsikelelo Breakfast from the Nelson Mandela University said the role of traditional leaders is extremely important, noting that one of the policies of colonial powers was indirect rule, which meant traditional leaders were allowed to rule their own people.
Breakfast said King Misuzulu might not express his political views in public, but he does play a role politically in terms of the posture of the electorate.
“The lifestyle of the king is dependent on the political party in power, and that is a political arrangement…. There is a political and economic exchange and the issue of succession is definitely a political matter.
“The office of the king is political in nature, despite what is said at the surface,” the professor emphasized.
King Goodwill Zwelithini’s reign
For more than 50 years, Misuzulu’s father, King Zwelithini, who became monarch in 1968, oversaw the kingdom through the tumultuous period when the Apartheid-run South African government controlled the country through to the achievement of democracy in 1994 and beyond.
Zwelithini died on March 12, 2021, aged 72, after reportedly being admitted to hospital for diabetes-related illness. It was announced later that he had died of Covid-19.
Accounts of the king’s reign describe him as diplomatic and courteous but a fierce defender of the right of his people to administer their land and practice their cultures and traditions. He was the vanguard of the sacred traditions and values that sustained his monarchy. He was a symbol of unity and peace in the province of KZN.
Experts on the Zulu royal family claim the king offered stability for the monarchy despite the turmoil of Apartheid and his death ignited a bitter feud over succession. The reason for this is that King Zwelithini did not appoint a successor. Months after his death in 2021, the country’s president, Cyril Ramaphosa, handed over a certificate of recognition to the king of the Zulu nation, Misuzulu KaZwelithini, in recognition that he was the heir to the throne of the monarchy.
“I do so to fulfill my duty under our Constitution, which affirms the role of our kings and queens. Today, we are here to witness a new epoch in the history of AmaZulu.
“We pray that His Majesty’s reign will be a long and glorious one. May your hand be guided by the Almighty. May your rule be one of justice, compassion, peace and unity.
“Your Majesty, your people look to you to lead them to a bright, glorious new future. It is a heavy responsibility, but also an illustrious one,” Ramaphosa said.
As soon as Misuzulu was announced as the king, his uncle, Prince Mbonisi, and his half-brother, Prince Simakade, made their intentions known that they would separately contest the king’s ascension and that they believed they were the rightful heirs to the crown.
A meeting in May 2021 was held by the Zulu royal family, where the name of then Prince Misuzulu emerged as the successor. Prince Simakade did not attend this meeting.
In October 2022, Ramaphosa gave Misuzulu a certificate officially recognizing him as the ruler of the country’s richest and most influential traditional monarchy.
Prince Simakade then approached the Pretoria High Court, seeking the court to declare Ramaphosa’s decision to issue the certificate of recognition to King Misuzulu as irrational and asking it to set aside the decision.
Ramaphosa told the court that his decision was rational in issuing the certificate to King Misuzulu, thus paving the way for his October 2022 coronation. He added he had been guided by a February 2022 ruling which dismissed an application by Prince Mbonisi, who wanted King Misuzulu’s coronation to be stopped on the basis that he was wrongly nominated, citing a pending dispute which should first be resolved.
Last year, the High Court in Pretoria declared Ramaphosa’s recognition of Misuzulu as Zulu king invalid. Simakade sought the ruling, which said the presidential recognition of the Zulu king “was unlawful and invalid and the recognition decision is hereby set aside.”
The court found that Ramaphosa had not correctly appointed the king in terms of the Traditional and Khoi-San Leadership Act 3 of 2019. Both the king and Ramaphosa have appealed the ruling and experts believe that it will go all the way to the country’s apex court before a final decision can be made.
The uncertainty over succession is likely to fuel tension within the royal family that oversees the country’s largest and most culturally influential traditional kingdom.
Zulu cultural expert Dr Gugu Mazibuko from the University of Johannesburg told RT that historically there had always been challenges to whoever ascended the throne but these had been settled through violence.
“The challenge in a contemporary context is that the kingdom is governed by an act and is considered a constitutional monarchy, the king is no longer purely a king of the Zulus and disputes cannot be dealt with within the ethnic group.
“The king is recognised constitutionally and people are free to lodge their dissatisfaction or to contest the throne legally – something that did not take place in the past as those kings were not constitutional monarchs.”
Mazibuko said despite the challenges playing out in the country’s court, the king’s followers were not perturbed. “The king is the rightful heir to the throne and people are not concerned although the litigation disturbs the smooth running of the kingdom,” Mazibuko concluded.
