The Hobbit: Everything That Happened To The Dwarves After The Battle Of Five Armies
Before the events of The Hobbit begin, Thorin and Gandalf have a private discussion, during which the Dwarf leader considers the idea of taking back his family heritage from the dragon Smaug. The Grey Wizard suggests adding Bilbo Baggins of the Shire to the roster, and thus the young hobbit's adventures finally begin.
After battling against forest spiders and spending a night with a bear man (Beorn), the final move of Thorin and Company is to hold the Lonely Mountain against unforeseen invaders. Not everyone has a happy ending though. So, here is a short list that explains the fate of each Dwarf after the Battle of Five Armies.
10 The Deaths Of Thorin II Oakenshield & His Nephews
When Smaug is killed (by Bard the Bowman of Dale), Thorin reneges on his promises to Lake-Town and tries to hoard all of the Lonely Mountain's wealth. Addicted to this newfound treasure, he discards the wise words of Gandalf, and calls his comrades to arms in order to defend their "inheritance."
Unexpectedly, he is drawn into battle against a group of unexpected armies (goblins and wargs), and is seriously injured during the fight. His nephews, Fili and Kili, meet the same fate as they try to protect him from the subsequent onrush.
9 Dain II Ironfoot Becomes King Under The Mountain
When Dain arrives at the Lonely Mountain, he brings with him an army of 500 soldiers, each of them armed to the teeth and terrifyingly strong. When Thorin dies, however, Dain celebrates all those who were crucial in destroying the enemy, including presenting Lake-Town with Bilbo's 1/14th share of the reward.
He is later crowned King under the Mountain, a prestigious honor only given to the rulers of Erebor (and, by extension, the head of all Dwarven clans that are descended from the line of Durin the Deathless, the first Dwarf ever born.)
8 Oin's Grisly Fate
Many of the dwarves do not live to see Frodo cure the world of evil, but Oin's death is really quite sad. In The Lord of the Rings, a tentacled beast attacks Frodo right before the Fellowship enters Moria, but he is thankfully rescued due to the others' quick response.
Sadly, Oin also encounters this fiend — the Watcher in the Water — while trying to flee from the Moria Orcs who had taken over their original homeland. It is as yet unknown where this thing came from, or even what it is, but it did manage to pull Oin into the water.
7 Balin, Lord Of Moria
Long before Frodo bravely strolls into Sauron's lair, Balin takes a group of patriotic dwarves in order to reestablish their authority over Moria. While he is, technically, a contender to the throne, his "colony" was not large enough for him to be referred to as the king.
Nevertheless, his governance (or whatever it is called) comes to an abrupt end a few decades after constant fighting in the darkest reaches of Moria, and Balin in finally killed by the Orcs now swarming there. The Fellowship observe his tomb as they take the Moria shortcut, where they also find out exactly what transpired by reading the Book of Mazarbul.
6 Ori And The Book Of Mazarbul
The depths of Moria are no less terrifying than the vast expanse of Mordor, which makes for a rather lonely place to spend the final days of one's life. Ori, along with the others mentioned above, is one of those unfortunate characters, and the last of Thorn's company to die before the War of the Ring.
He is the scrollkeeper of sorts, jotting down various important events, his group's experiences, as well as his final thoughts in the Book of Mazarbul. In fact, Ori's corpse is shown to be holding on to the book before Gandalf takes it away.
5 Dwalin Is The Oldest Dwarf
Dwalin survives the Battle of Five armies, but after their victory, he chooses to remain behind in the Lonely Mountain rather than go to Moria (like his brother, Balin.) He continues to live in Erebor for the remainder of his life, which goes on for a shockingly long time, given his cohorts average life expectancy.
Dwarves are said to live for about 250 years, being the children of Aule the Vala, but Dwalin apparently dies when he is 340 years old. This is most likely a record for the oldest Dwarf to ever live in Middle-earth.
4 Gloin At The Council Of Elrond
Gloin is the father of Gimli, one of the crucial members of the Fellowship, and the only one of Thorin's group to have met with Frodo. This event takes place at the Council of Elrond at Rivendell (during which the final selection is made for the eight individuals who are to accompany Frodo on his journey to Mordor.)
He tells the bearer of the One Ring about everything that had happened in Erebor after the Battle of Five Armies, including that of his cousin Balin's steadfast decision to restore Moria back in the hands of the Dwarves.
3 Dis Is the Only Known Dwarf-Woman
The deaths of Fili and Kili are a painful blow to all Dwarves, especially because of the honorable manner in which they sacrificed their lives to save their dying leader. As a tribute to their courage, their mother, Dis — who also happens to be Thorin's sister — is the only dwarf-woman to receive a mention in the story.
Interestingly, however, dwarf-women are said to be practically indistinguishable from their male counterparts, having a flowing beard and garbed in very similar clothing.
2 Bombur's Physical Change
Bombur is not really interested in the quest, choosing instead to eat, drink, and sleep whenever he gets the chance. He is, indeed, a brave warrior, and becomes a dangerous combatant if really pushed, but his relaxed demeanor often gets him in trouble. For instance, he gets himself enchanted with a sleep charm, forcing his compatriots to drag his unconscious body along.
Nevertheless, it looks like Bombur has a rather cushy life after everything settled down, as Frodo finds out that he had put on so much weight that it required the assistance of multiple people to carry him from one place to another.
1 Bifur, Bofur, Dori, Nori Live Happily (?) Ever After
Four of the Dwarves are confirmed to still be alive during the War of the One Ring, or at least in its initial stages. Bifur and Bofur are probably cloistered away in the Lonely Mountain, preferring to spend time with their riches than go another adventure again.
On the other hand, Dori and Nori may have gotten involved in the Battle of Dale, a major war between the Ereborean Dwarves and the Easterlings allied with Sauron, but there are no tales regarding when (or if) they died.