How and why the value based payment (pay for performance) model is trending in the healthcare industry
- Value based care rewards healthcare providers with incentives based on the quality of care they provide to patients.
- High cost and volume lead to more opportunities for quality improvement and cost reduction.
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As digital transformation continues rolling through the healthcare industry, value based care is gaining momentum as an increasingly popular alternative to more traditional healthcare models.
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But what is value based care? How do hospitals get reimbursed under this model? What are the advantages and disadvantages to pay for performance care? We dive into all these questions below.
What is Value Based Care?
Value based care is a type of reimbursement that rewards healthcare providers with incentives based on the quality of care they provide to patients.
Essentially, value based care models revolve around the patient's treatment and how well a coordinated care team can improve patient outcomes based on certain metrics, such as reducing hospital readmissions, improving preventative care, and using particular kinds of certified health technology.
Value Based Care vs Fee-For-Service Care
Fee-for-service is the more traditional healthcare reimbursement model, based on the amount of services a healthcare provider performed. This system incentivized providers to order batteries of tests and procedures and increase their total number of patients in order to bring in more money.
That's the key difference with value based care vs. fee-for-service care; the former provides incentives for quality, while the latter emphasizes quantity.
Medicare & ACA Pushing For Value Based Care
Patients and providers stand to benefit from value based care, but they are not the only ones pushing for it. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) have introduced a bevy of pay for performance care models over the last decade.
The federal government passed Medicare Improvements for Patients & Providers Act (MIPPA) in 2008, followed by the Affordable Care Act (ACA, but much more commonly known as Obamacare) in 2010. Then in 2012 came the Hospital Value Based Purchasing Program (HVBP) and Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP). Finally, we have The Medicare Access & CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 (MACRA), which in turn spawned the Merit-Based Incentive Payment System (MIPS) in 2019.
So we've seen a lot long names and letters in the last decade, but you're probably wondering...
How does the value based care model work?
As mentioned above, value based care models reimburse healthcare providers (or penalize them) based on quality and cost of care. For example, consider a hospital that works under HVBP. The CMS would evaluate the hospital based on numerous criteria, such as immunization rates for certain diseases, Medicare spending per beneficiary, and even patient feedback on their experience at the hospital.
Then, depending on how the hospital scores for population health management, compared to established baselines, the CMS will either reimburse the hospital on top of their typical fee-for-service payments, or penalize their Medicare revenue.
One way the Affordable Care Act seeks to reduce health care costs is by encouraging doctors, hospitals and other health care providers to form networks that coordinate patient care and become eligible for bonuses when they deliver that care more efficiently.
The law encourages the formation of accountable care organizations (ACOs) in the Medicare program, where providers make more if they keep their patients healthy.
Another reimbursement model growing in popularity is shared savings, specifically bundled payments. Under this structure, healthcare providers receive a fixed amount of money to treat a patient either for a specific condition or procedure (ex: pneumonia or an appendectomy) or within a certain period of time (ex: 60 or 90 days). If the provider is able to treat the patient for less than the fixed amount provided, then they are entitled to a share of the surplus, per the terms of their contract. If the cost exceeds the fixed amount, then the provider misses out on the opportunity for reimbursement they could have had under traditional reimbursement models.
What are the problems & benefits to value based care?
Value based care seems like a win-win all around, and there are certainly numerous benefits to it. But there are also some significant drawbacks.
The biggest pro for patients is the focus on quality preventative care, rather than batteries of expensive and oftentimes unnecessary tests. Healthcare providers, too, can reduce waste, streamline their processes to be more efficient, and reap the financial benefits.
The biggest con is the increased regulations on healthcare providers. If the CMS or other government entity sets terms of value based care, then it restricts what providers can do.
Another major con is that shared savings programs such as bundled payments can be difficult for healthcare providers to implement in the first place, let alone sustain. To get them off the ground, providers might need to invest a considerable amount of their own resources into the tools necessary to monitor spending on care, quality improvements, and more. Shared savings programs also don't always reimburse providers for related services outside of the direct care (ex: communications with patients' previous healthcare providers, consultations, nursing care, and more).
Pay for performance care might also have a long-term problem: it bases reimbursement on certain historical benchmarks. Over time, as those benchmarks lower thanks to declining healthcare costs, then they must maintain those levels or drop even further in order for providers to secure savings.
Still, value based care models like this are well tailored for providers that already spend high amounts on healthcare and/or have a high volume of admissions. High cost and volume lead to more opportunities for quality improvement and cost reduction, which ultimately lead to greater savings under value based care models.