The South African coal, chrome, iron-ore and manganese mining sectors lost between R39-billion and R50-billion in export earnings last year as Transnet struggled with capacity to rail bigger volumes of these commodities to ports, says economists.co.za chief economist Mike Schussler. “To put this into context, this is about 1% of the country’s gross domestic product, and it would have added about 12.5% to the whole mining sector.”