The increasingly common idea of "second-life" energy storage using old electric vehicle batteries is running up against headwinds as a lack of old EV batteries show no sign of easing, according to experts. While an array of start-ups do offer this as a form of energy storage, companies will have to compete with recyclers, refurbishers and the needs of drivers battling the cost-of-living crisis. This situation is exacerbated by competition from souped-up alternatives that push prices up to $235 per kilowatt hour compared to around half that rate for new batteries.