The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) reported that nine nuclear-armed nations, including the US, Russia, France, China, India, and Pakistan, continued to modernize their nuclear arsenals in 2023. China notably increased its nuclear arsenal from 410 to 500 warheads and is expected to continue growing. The report highlighted that around 2,100 deployed warheads were on high operational alert, primarily held by Russia and the US, with China joining for the first time.
