Trans-National Companies Hinder the Development of Kazakhstan’s Periphery
When the national wealth is unevenly distributed, we talk about regional inequality, regardless of where this wealth was originally created. Wealth is accumulated at “growth nodes”, which are the cities with more than one million residents or our regional capitals. In order to keep this system alive, there needs to be a minimum level of maintenance of the industrial towns where the wealth is extracted. And to legitimize this dynamic, Kazakhstan has adopted principles of mainstream economics.