Here's one huge sign that Saudi Arabia is in for a difficult new year

REUTERS/ Mohamed Al Hwaity

A number of oil-dependent countries could see their fortunes turn in the new year, thanks to a global plunge in crude prices and the possibility of increased supply thanks to the anticipated removal of most oil-related sanctions on Iran.

Although Saudi Arabia is second in the world in proven reserves and daily production — a gaudy 9.7 million barrels per day in 2014 — there are already signs that the country isn't going to remain unscathed.

On December 28, the Saudi government announced a budget that included an unprecedented round of austerity measures.

According to Reuters, Saudi Arabia will cut spending and implement a value-added tax, a notable move for a country with a cradle-to-grave welfare system for most citizens and very little taxation.

Riyadh will also be taking "steps that will directly hit the purchasing power of citizens — in particular, raising domestic gasoline, kerosene, water and electricity prices," Reuters reported.

Removing subsidies is a dangerous move for just about any autocratic government. The Saudi monarchy, like many other monarchs and dictators, derive a degree of legitimacy, as well as crucial social and political calm, from its ability to deliver a comfortable life for its subjects even amid a total absence of political or civil liberties.

Subsidy cuts have stoked widespread protests in Middle Eastern autocracies before, as they did in Sudan in 2013.

But austerity might be especially dangerous for a Saudi government fighting a controversial war in Yemen, facing potential threats from ISIS, and stoking tensions among an already restive Shiite minority.

Low oil prices and the resulting austerity measures are just one of numerous pressures on Saudi stability in the coming year.

REUTERS/ Mohamed Al Hwaity

It's going to be a tough year for major oil producers in general.

Oil plunged to under $38 a barrel by December, with Goldman Sachs raising the possibility that the price could fall as low as $20 in the coming year.

The implementation of the Iran nuclear deal, which is expected to occur sometime in early 2016, will lift sanctions on the country's oil exports, bringing a heightened supply to the international market at a time when prices are already depressed.

The rivalry between Saudi Arabia and oil producers Iran and Russia might also encourage Riyadh to raise production in order to drive down prices and cut into their opponents' bottom line.

A peace deal in Ukraine — an outside possibility in 2016 — would assumably lift sanctions on Russian oil and gas as well.

REUTERS/ Mohamed Al Hwaity

Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia is leading a coalition of Arab countries fighting to restore the internationally recognized governement in Yemen after it was overthrown by an Iranian-backed rebel movement in early 2015.

The risky and expensive Yemen operation has plenty of potential for strategic blowback, as it brings Saudi Arabia into indirect conflict with Iran and has drawn criticism over Riyadh's alleged human-rights abuses during the campaign.

REUTERS/ Mohamed Al Hwaity

ISIS has planned or carried out attacks in Saudi Arabia repeatedly over the past year, including an August bombing of a Saudi military mosque that left 13 people dead.

Other incidents, like the September 24 hajj stampede that killed as many as 2,177 people, or the October confirmation of the death sentence of one of the country's most prominent Shiite clerics, suggest that the country is less stable, and its leadership less in control, than it may seem.

Throw in low or even cratering oil prices and a new round of austerity, and Saudi Arabia's 2016 starts to look a lot more complicated.

REUTERS/ Mohamed Al Hwaity

Saudi Arabia could always cut its own oil production in an attempt to drive prices up and raise state revenue. But that risks enriching oil producers like Russia and Iran as well, in a time when Riyadh is at odds with both governments.

In the coming year, Saudi Arabia's internal stability and international strategic posture might be in conflict, and it's unclear whether Riyadh will be able to balance both of them.

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