Stroke signs, symptoms, recovery and preventative measures: Life changes a survivor may face
Strokes are the fifth leading cause of death in the United States and a leading cause of disability, according to the American Stroke Association.
"Stroke is injury to the brain from impairment of blood flow," Dr. Sandeep Kumar, Department of Neurology, Stroke Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts, told Fox News Digital in an email.
"A normal blood supply is vital for the brain to function normally and for preservation of its structure. Interruption of the blood flow deprives the affected parts of the brain from receiving oxygen and other nutrients with the result that these tissues start disintegrating rapidly."
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When a person suffers from a stroke, it can affect their ability to speak and comprehend, Dr. Kumar noted.
There can also be a loss of sensation in different parts of the body, loss of vision or an inability to walk or stand.
Read on to learn more about stroke symptoms, preventative measures you can take and the road to recovery.
There are two main types of strokes: ischemic and hemorrhagic.
Ischemic strokes are by far the most common, accounting for 87% of all strokes, according to the American Stroke Association.
"Blood flow to the brain can be compromised when the blood flowing to the brain in a cerebral artery is blocked off either by a blood clot or a plaque. This is called an ischemic stroke," Dr. Kumar told Fox News Digital.
A less-common type of stroke is hemorrhagic. In those cases, "the blood vessel supplying the brain ruptures leading to bleeding within the brain tissue. Bleeding can directly damage brain cells or deprive the surrounding tissues from receiving adequate oxygen and nutrients," Dr. Kumar said.
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There's also a transient ischemic attack (TIA), which is called a "warning stroke" or a "mini-stroke," according to the American Stroke Association.
This "warning stroke" is caused by a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain. If you have this type of stroke, don't disregard it. Call 911 right away.
Strokes with an unidentifiable cause are labeled as cryptogenic strokes, according to the American Stroke Association.
The following are common symptoms of TIA or a stroke, as highlighted by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
The NIH notes that symptoms can occur rapidly, or slowly, developing over hours and sometimes even days.
An acronym important to remember is F.A.S.T. Below is how you can identify if someone is having a stroke, using the F.A.S.T acronym, as provided by the American Stroke Association.
F = Face Drooping: "Does one side of the face droop or is it numb? Ask the person to smile. Is the person's smile uneven?"
A = "Arm Weakness: Is one arm weak or numb? Ask the person to raise both arms. Does one arm drift downward?"
S = "Speech Difficulty: Is speech slurred?"
T = "Stroke is an emergency. Every minute counts. Call 911 immediately. Note the time when any of the symptoms first appear."
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) sais that around 80% of strokes are preventable.
While the average age for a stroke is 65 and older, according to Lifespan, the average age is decreasing. In the United States, 10 percent of people who have a stroke are under the age of 45.
"People who develop strokes usually have underlying risk factors," Dr. Kumar told Fox News Digital.
"The most important among these are high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, smoking, heart disease, especially a condition called atrial fibrillation."
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Kumar noted the importance of screening for these underlying conditions with your doctor. Be sure you're following advice from your doctor for testing, and follow instructions regarding medication that may be needed if these conditions are found.
Embracing a healthy lifestyle can also help reduce stroke risk.
Kumar noted the following as things you can do to promote a healthy lifestyle and reduce your risk:
The recovery after a stroke can be long and challenging. Some patients may not reach full recovery.
Not every patient's road to recovery will look the same.
"Many stroke survivors are left with enduring disabilities that prevent them from getting back to their usual routines. These can include simple tasks like eating, dressing, toileting, bathing or other aspects of self-care," Kumar wrote in an email to Fox News Digital.
"Others may find that they are unable to engage in other normal day-to-day activities like reading, writing, driving. Even those individuals who have recovered fully feel very vulnerable and cannot shake off the shadow of a stroke on their lives; they may end up curtailing things that they enjoyed, such as going on family vacation, fearful that a stroke may strike again."
Because of these life-altering changes that stroke survivors endure, they will need support from those around them, including medical professionals and loved ones.
The exact needs that a stroke survivor requires in order to recover will vary, depending on each individual's case. Factors like how severe the stroke was, which area of the brain was affected, how soon a patient received medical attention and the overall health of the patient can all play into the recovery process, according to Northwestern Medicine.
"Needs of a stroke survivor for coping and adjustments are varied. A number of patients who have lingering impairments, such as limb weakness, walking difficulty, speech impairment, benefit greatly from rehabilitation," Kumar said.
"Rehabilitation includes physical and occupational therapy that is targeted towards restoring the lost function, such as improving limb strength in a limb that was weakened from the stroke. In other instances, the loss of function cannot be completely regained; rehabilitation in such [a] situation can be helpful in developing compensatory adaptation strategies that can help an individual transition to independence. These may include the use of prosthetics or mobility devices."
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Some patients also have cognitive impairments they deal with after a stroke, as well as other pragmatic issues, Kumar noted, such as those related to employment, finances and housing.
"Social workers and other community support can be essential to help navigate these challenges," Kumar said.