Bonfire Night: why it’s never a good idea to mess around with fireworks

Around 2,000 people visit A&E every year due to injuries caused by fireworks. Although fireworks are an essential part of Bonfire Night celebrations for many revellers, these colourful pyrotechnics can be as dangerous as they are spectacular. And the injuries you might sustain from them can range from minor to downright gruesome if you aren’t careful.

The most common injuries caused by fireworks are, of course, burns. These account for approximately two-thirds of injuries caused by fireworks – typically due to people holding onto a firework when lighting them or when they explode. This is also why approximately 40% of fireworks-related injuries occur in the hands or wrist.

But the force generated in these blasts won’t just burn you. They’re also powerful enough to deglove fingers or hands, which, as the name suggests, is where the skin is removed like a glove.

These blasts can also snap or separate bones – either from each other or from the hand completely. While the skin and bones of the fingers can sometimes be reattached and regain function, this isn’t always the case.

Standing too close to fireworks, treading on smouldering debris or being impaled by a firework that has been launched at spectators are also all risks for injury. Alongside burns, fractures and breaks, there have been cases where the shards of metal that give fireworks their colour have become lodged in the skin and underlying tissue of the feet. Sadly, in one instance, a man had to have his leg amputated after he tripped over a firework mortar and it hit his leg.

Typically, the most common head injuries are those affecting the ears – such as ringing in the ears and perforated ear drums. These injuries happen when fireworks go off in close proximity to the head. Eye injuries are also not uncommon. In fact, one charity reports that ten people in the UK are blinded each year due to fireworks-related accidents – with another 300 suffering eye injuries.

More significant, traumatic injuries to the eye, eye socket and skull itself have been reported. This includes burns, eyeball rupture, damage to soft tissues and blood vessel damage in the skull and throat, which can affect breathing.

Injuries to the head and neck are often challenging to recover from and require multiple specialist teams to repair. Still, in many cases, visual impairment can persist long after recovery.

Teeth may also be at risk on Bonfire Night. In 2021, a UK woman ate what she thought was popping candy – but turned out to be fun snaps. These snaps are mini-fireworks made of sand or gravel mixed with explosive silver fulminate, all wrapped in paper. These exploded in her mouth, breaking her tooth and leaving her with burns to her lips and mouth.

More dangerous than fireworks

Perhaps even more dangerous than fireworks in general are sparklers specifically, which many see as a harmless way to join in on the Bonfire Night fun. But sparklers account for a significant proportion of injuries that are caused by fireworks.

Children are most at risk of sparkler injuries. Two-thirds of sparkler injuries happen to children under five. They burn at incredibly hot temperatures, some close to 1000°C. This is ten times hotter than boiling water. As you’d expect the most typical injuries from sparklers are burns affecting the fingers and hands. But since many people wave sparklers around while using them, this could put the face, eyes and many other parts of the body at risk of injury if not careful.

Younger children have thinner skin, so heat that an adult could normally tolerate will cause more significant damage to a child’s skin.

There’s also the possibility of sparklers igniting children’s clothing, which can result in significant burns across their whole body. One case saw a child receive full thickness burns – where all layers of the skin are destroyed and the underlying muscle and bone is damaged – across nearly 50% of their body after a sparkler ignited their clothes.

Wearing gloves can help prevent against burn injuries from sparklers, however the glove material can be a fire risk if it’s synthetic. If gloves do set on fire, they can melt to the skin, so do not try to remove them as this may cause more damage to the skin.

Approximately 75% of fireworks injuries occur in men and the majority of fireworks injuries occur at private or family displays rather than professionally organised events. So if you are planning to celebrate Bonfire Night at home with some fireworks, be sure to wear sensible clothing made of natural fibres which cover as much skin as possible.

If you are organising Bonfire Night celebrations at home, whoever is in charge of lighting fireworks should be wearing protective equipment, such as goggles and gloves. They should only launch fireworks from sturdy ground – and launch away from observers. Keep material on-hand to extinguish any stray fireworks and water for any potential burns. All these can help reduce the risk of significant injury.

Take extra precautions if you use sparklers. Wearing gloves made of natural fibres may help prevent burns and aim to keep them at arm’s length, away from the face. Always keep children under close supervision and remember they’re a risk to themselves and others with sparklers.

Emergency services also advocate for attending organised events for Bonfire Night, which have stringent safety protocols in place for fireworks displays.

Adam Taylor does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.