Estonia's first referendum on religious education in 1923 was a bitter religious-secular standoff, driven by left-wing politicians. Today, while religion is not included in the national curriculum, a Tartu University survey shows that a level of religious intolerance among pupils is alarming. Archbishop Urmas Viilma has called for a referendum, but the researchers disagree: the reintroduction of religion into a compulsory program must be a political decision.