Beware the pesky Mediterranean oak borer
While it hasn't landed in Marin yet, here's what to know about the pesky Mediterranean oak borer.
Recently, a wave of exotic pests and pathogens have poured into California. Some have the potential to be as destructive as the famous 20th-century tree plagues like Dutch elm disease and sudden oak death. One pest, the Mediterranean oak borer (MOB), an ambrosia beetle, is close to Marin.
Ambrosia beetles like MOB are only a few millimeters long but their size belies their capacity for destruction. They don’t eat trees. They use trees like farm fields or veggie gardens. They bore tunnels into trees and sow fungi into these rows of tunnels. The fungi digest the trees, and the beetles eat the growing fungi. MOB’s favorite trees are the majestic valley oaks (Quercus lobata).
Valley oak, one of North America’s largest oaks, was once one of the most widely distributed trees in California. As its name implies, it grows best in deep, rich alluvial soils like those in river valleys. Huge numbers of valley oaks have been felled for farmland since the 1800s. Even so, iconic trees still stand in vineyards and farm fields in Chico, Napa, Sonoma, San Rafael, Ojai and beyond.
These are the MOB targets. First discovered in Napa County around 2018, MOB spread into Sonoma and Sacramento counties in 2019 and 2020. Now, it’s moved west to the U.S. 101 corridor around Windsor and Healdsburg and south to Cotati, maybe further. There are no known infestations in Marin County, but it’s time to be watchful.
Look for these symptoms: MOB prefers large, stressed trees; it rarely attacks trees with trunks less than 6 inches in diameter. Trees dying from MOB typically have a thin upper canopy, but with some leaves hanging on (unlike leafless limbs of drought-stressed trees.) This is because a MOB-infested tree often dies so quickly leaves don’t have time to form abscission zones (the scar tissue on a branch that lets leaves drop easily). Beetles tunneling in the large branches cut off water to the smaller branches in the upper canopy then move down into the main trunk, killing the tree. Symptoms in early summer often include clumps of tiny leaves that never fully flush out. Other maladies can produce these symptoms; however, MOB tunnels in cut wood are distinctive.
Unfortunately, no curative treatments have yet been effective against MOB and its fungus. The beetles plant the fungus deeper into the wood than fungicides can reach. Systemic insecticides do little since beetles don’t eat the tree, they just bore into it. And topical insecticides would have to be applied to all sides of all of every branch greater than 4 inches in diameter to be effective, a daunting prospect for a mature valley oak.
There are still many large, old valley oaks in Napa and northern Sonoma County, so the presence of the beetle is not a death sentence for every tree, though. Currently, the best approach to save valley oak trees is prevention.
When MOB was first recorded in Napa County, it followed a period of low rainfall, and the beetle seemed to spread rapidly. When the next few years brought adequate rain, the incidence of valley oaks attacked by MOB was vanishingly low. Then, it seems likely that the drought of 2021-2022 fueled the beetle’s recent expansion, allowing the pest to colonize trees that otherwise might have withstood their attacks. Most surviving trees had access to summer water.
Thus, we’re left with this conclusion: The best way to prevent a MOB attack is to give oak trees enough water during drought years.
As a rule, mature oaks don’t like summer water, especially routine summer irrigation, but they can die of drought. In drought years, providing oaks with a deep watering once per month should be enough to give them the water they need without keeping their roots so constantly moist that they develop root rot. And that might be enough to keep MOB at bay.
Sponsored by UC Cooperative Extension, the University of California Marin Master Gardeners provides science- and research-based information for Marin home gardeners. Email questions to helpdesk@marinmg.org. Attach photos for inquiries about plant pests or diseases. Please call 415-473-4910 to see when a master gardener will be at the office or drop off samples 24/7 in the sample box outside the office. To attend a gardening workshop or subscribe to Leaflet, a free quarterly e-newsletter, go to marinmg.ucanr.edu.